Someone unchecked Billable on the Field Service project, saw nothing dramatic happen, and checked it again. By then the task customers, the sales order items on tasks and the sales order lines on timesheets had been cleared across the project.
Turning billing off clears the links as part of the write. Turning it back on only re-enables the feature. The previous values are not stored anywhere the form can restore them from.
Fields with tracking enabled leave a history. Each cleared value was recorded as a tracking entry with its old value, so the links could be rebuilt record by record from that history.
In this case 460 task links and 484 timesheet lines were restored. If you run Field Service with billing, restrict who can edit project settings. A setting this destructive should not sit one click away from everyone with project access.